Forskningsartikler

Background and purpose: Persons with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer dementia (AD) often experience gait and balance disturbances and depressive symptoms alongside their cognitive impairment. The aim of this study was to explore the relationship between mobility and depressive symptoms in community-dwelling persons with MCI and mild to moderate AD.
Methods: Ninety-nine participants with MCI and AD from the memory clinic at Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, Norway, were included. The Balance Evaluation Systems Test (BESTest), 10-m walk test regular (gait speed), and dual task (naming animals, dual-task cost in percent) were used to assess mobility. The Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia, with validated cut-off 5/6 points, was used to assess presence of depressive symptoms. Multiple regression analysis was used to explore the relationship between mobility (3 separate models) and depressive symptoms, controlled for demographic factors, comorbidity, and Mini-Mental State Examination.
Results: One-third of the participants had depressive symptoms, mean (SD) gait speed was 1.09 (0.3) m/s, and median (interquartile range) BESTest percent score was 81.5 (17.6). No statistically significant associations were found between depression and BESTest, gait speed or dual-task cost, neither in the simple models (P = 0.15-0.85), nor in the 3 multivariate models (P = 0.57-0.69).

Discussion and conclusions: In this study, we found no associations between mobility and depressive symptoms in persons with MCI and AD recruited at a memory clinic. Few participants had major symptoms of depression, which may have influenced the results. Longitudinal studies are needed to explore the long-time associations between mobility and depression.

Susannah Julie Flugon, Nina Jøranson, Gro Gujord Tangen

Background: Aggregation of amyloid-β (Aβ) is an early pathological event in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Consequently, measures of pathogenic aggregated Aβ are attractive biomarkers for AD. Here, we use a recently developed Thioflavin-T-Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy (ThT-FCS) assay to quantify structured ThT-responsive protein aggregates, so-called nanoplaques, in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).

Objective: The overall aim of this work was to assess whether ThT-FCS determined CSF nanoplaque levels could predict amyloid brain uptake as determined by 18F-Flutemetamol PET analysis. Further, we assess whether nanoplaque levels could predict clinical AD.

Methods: Nanoplaque levels in the CSF from 54 memory clinic patients were compared between sub-groups classified by 18F-Flutemetamol PET as amyloid-positive or amyloid-negative, and by clinical assessment as AD or non-AD.

Results: Nanoplaque levels did not differ between amyloid groups and could not predict brain amyloid uptake. However, nanoplaque levels were significantly increased in patients with clinical AD, and were significant predictors for AD when adjusting for age, sex, cognitive function, and apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype.

Conclusion: The concentration of nanoplaques in the CSF differentiates patients with clinical AD from non-AD patients.

Mari Aksnes, Ebba Glersen Müller, Ann Tiiman, Trine Holt Edwin, Lars Terenius, Mona-Elisabeth Revheim, Vladana Vukojević, Nenad Bogdanović, Anne-Brita Knapskog

Bakgrunn: Alkohol og legemidler kan føre til økt funksjonssvikt, sykelighet og død, særlig hos personer med høy samsykelighet. Hensikten med studien var å undersøke bruken av alkohol, tobakk og vanedannende legemidler hos hjemmetjenestemottakere over 60 år i en middels stor kommune og se hvilke faktorer som hadde sammenheng med alkoholbruk.
Metode: Tverrsnittsundersøkelse der 210 personer over 60 år som mottok hjemmebaserte tjenester i en norsk kommune, ble intervjuet om deres bruk av alkohol, tobakk og vanedannende legemidler samt deres psykiske symptomer. Sammenhengen mellom alkoholbruk og andre variabler ble undersøkt.

Resultat: Hver femte deltaker hadde demens, 38 % hadde depressive symptomer, 16 % hadde angstsymptomer, 57 % brukte alkohol, 11 % brukte angstdempende legemidler, og 31 % brukte vanedannende legemidler mot søvnproblemer. Alkoholbruk hadde sammenheng med lavere alder, å røyke tobakk og færre depresjonssymptomer.

Konklusjon: Nesten 60 % brukte alkohol, og alkoholbruken var høyere hos yngre, blant personer som røykte tobakk, og blant deltakere med færre depresjonssymptomer. En av tre brukte vanedannende legemidler mot søvnproblemer. Denne kunnskapen er nyttig for ansatte i hjemmetjenesten og bør påvirke organiseringen tjenestene, hvilke symptomer man skal være oppmerksomme på hos brukerne, og hvilken behandling og oppfølging som skal gis.

Sverre Bergh, Elin Michaelsen, Nina Beate Andfossen, Bjørn Lichtwarck, Geir Selbæk & Øyvind Kirkevold

Abstract
Late-onset Alzheimer’s disease is a prevalent age-related polygenic disease that accounts for 50–70% of dementia cases. Currently, only a fraction of the genetic variants underlying Alzheimer’s disease have been identified. Here we show that increased sample sizes allowed identification of seven previously unidentified genetic loci contributing to Alzheimer’s disease. This study highlights microglia, immune cells and protein catabolism as relevant to late-onset Alzheimer’s disease, while identifying and prioritizing previously unidentified genes of potential interest. We anticipate that these results can be included in larger meta-analyses of Alzheimer’s disease to identify further genetic variants that contribute to Alzheimer’s pathology.

Douglas P. Wightman, Iris E. Jansen, Jeanne E. Savage, Alexey A. Shadrin, Shahram Bahrami, Dominic Holland, Arvid Rongve, Sigrid Børte, Bendik S. Winsvold, Ole Kristian Drange, Amy E. Martinsen, Anne Heidi Skogholt, Cristen Willer, Geir Bråthen, Ingunn Bosnes, Jonas Bille Nielsen, Lars G. Fritsche, Laurent F. Thomas, Linda M. Pedersen, Maiken E. Gabrielsen, Marianne Bakke Johnsen, Tore Wergeland Meisingset, Wei Zhou, Petroula Proitsi, Angela Hodges, Richard Dobson, Latha Velayudhan, 23andMe Research Team, Julia M. Sealock, Lea K. Davis, Nancy L. Pedersen, Chandra A. Reynolds, Ida K. Karlsson, Sigurdur Magnusson, Hreinn Stefansson, Steinunn Thordardottir, Palmi V. Jonsson, Jon Snaedal, Anna Zettergren, Ingmar Skoog, Silke Kern, Margda Waern, Henrik Zetterberg, Kaj Blennow, Eystein Stordal, Kristian Hveem, John-Anker Zwart, Lavinia Athanasiu, Per Selnes, Ingvild Saltvedt, Sigrid B. Sando, Ingun Ulstein, Srdjan Djurovic, Tormod Fladby, Dag Aarsland, Geir Selbæk, Stephan Ripke, Kari Stefansson, Ole A. Andreassen & Danielle Posthuma

Abstract
Objectives: Relationship quality (RQ) between a person with dementia and a family carer may influence their health and quality of life. However, evidence regarding its course and influencing factors is limited. We aimed to explore RQ trajectories in dementia, and identify predictors of change.
Methods: We analysed longitudinal data from a cohort of 350 community-dwelling people with dementia and their informal carers, participating in the Actifcare study in eight European countries. The Positive Affect Index, rated separately by both people with dementia and their carers, assessed RQ. Other measures included the Neuropsychiatric Inventory Questionnaire (regarding persons with dementia), and the Relative Stress Scale, Sense of Coherence Scale and Lubben Social Network Scale (for carers). Trajectories and influencing factors were explored applying a latent growth model (LGM).
Results: RQ in the group of carers declined over 1 year, but RQ scores for the persons with dementia did not change. Higher stress in carers negatively influenced their baseline RQ ratings. Carer sense of coherence and being a spouse were associated with more positive baseline RQ carer assessments. Higher levels of neuropsychiatric symptoms were linked to decline in carers’ RQ, whereas social support was associated with more positive RQ trajectories.
Conclusion: This study provides a valuable insight into the course of RQ. LGM proved useful to explore the factors that influence RQ trajectories and variability within- and between-persons. Our findings emphasise the importance of carer-perceived social support and sense of coherence, and of reducing neuropsychiatric symptoms, in maintaining a good RQ.

Maria J Marques, Eva Y L Tan, Bob Woods, Hannah Jelley, Liselot Kerpershoek, Louise Hopper, Kate Irving, Anja Bieber, Astrid Stephan, Anders Sköldunger, Britt-Marie Sjölund, Geir Selbæk, Janne Røsvik, Orazio Zanetti, Daniel M Portolani, João Marôco, Marjolein de Vugt, Frans Verhey, Manuel Gonçalves-Pereira, Actifcare Consortium